|
DEPARTMENT
OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW Physiology
deals with normal functions in the human body. It correlates anatomic,
structure and biochemistry with specific functions and constitutes the
Basis upon which pharmacology and pathology are founded. Some
of the most valuable contributions to medicine and the medical sciences
have been the outcome of laboratory studies in physiology. The role
physiology plays in throwing light upon disorders of function gives the
student of medicine as well as the practitioner a vantage point from which
to gain a rational view of pathological processes; hence physiology is the
basis upon which scientific medicine is practiced. Medical Physiology now
has applications, which reach beyond the direct realms of medicine. There is now the discipline of biomedical
engineering, which has its foundations and raison d’ętre
in the applied physiology. OBJECTIVES
The course is designed to give an
introduction to the physiological principles governing normal function of
the human body and to indicate the objectives of this study. Thus, the
factors, which determines the organization and integrative action of the
system of the body will be analyzed and discussed. The objectives of the
course are to; 1.
Indicates the core of physiological knowledge upon
which medical practice is based. 2.
Indicate the experimental basis of this knowledge 3.
Relate basic knowledge to an understanding of
common abnormalities; 4.
Use this basic knowledge to explain common
pathological disturbances, especially failure of certain functions 5.
Use the description of these disturbances to
reinforce basic knowledge 6.
Encourage the students to think of disease in terms
of disturbance of function TEACHING
& LEARNING METHODS Methods
of teaching include lectures, some given via computer network using power
point. Also practical and tutorials, to include seminars. EVALUATION Evaluation
involves the use of multiple choice questions (MCQ) with the true-false
items method. 200
LEVEL CLASS
First
semester
MPY
221: INTRODUCTION
TO PHYSIOLOGY (1 CREDIT)
Course
objective: At
the end of the course the student should be able to list and summarize
functional organization of the human body. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content Description
and functional organization of the human body -
cells as units of the body -
internal environment -
homeostatic mechanisms of the systems -
regulatory systems of the body The
cells and its functions; -
organization of the cells(structural) -
functional systems of the cell Transport
Mechanism across the cell membrane -
Diffusion -
Active transport -
Specialized transport phenomenon Cell
Genetics -
protein synthesis -
cell differentiation -
cell reproduction MPY
222 BLOOD AND BODY FLUIDS (2 CREDITS)
Course
objective: Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content Red
blood cells (Erythrocytes) Erythropoeisis Destruction
of RBC -
Anaemia -
Polycythemias White
Blood Cells(Leukocytes) -
General Characteristics
of Leukocytes -
WBC production -
Properties of WBC -
The reticuloendothelial system -
Inflammation and functions of WBC -
Leukaemias Immunity
and Allergy -
Classification of immunity -
Description of the process of immunity and allergy -
Antigens/Antibodies -
The Lymphoid tissues in immunity -
Hypersensitivity reactions -
Interferon -
Allergies in the normal and the allergic Blood
Grouping Systems -
Antigenicity and immune reactions of blood -
ABO blood groups -
Rhesus blood groups -
Other Blood factors -
Transfusion including transfusion reactions -
Introduction to tissue and organ transplantation Haemostasis
and Blood coagulation
Events in Haemostasis -
Mechanism of Blood coagulation -
Conversion prothrombin to thrombin -
Conditions that cause excessive bleeding in humans -
Thromboembolic conditions -
Blood coagulation tests Body
Fluids Capillary
Dynamics and Fluid Exchange between the blood and Interstitial fluid -
Blood flow in capillaries -
Exchange of nutrients and other substances across
the barriers -
Distribution of fluid volumes The
lymphatic system and interstitial fluid dynamics;
The lymphatic system -
Control of interstitial fluid protein concentration -
Mechanism of oedema formation The
special fluid system of the body
CSF
-Intra-ocular fluid -Fluid
circulation in other spaces e.g. pleural cavity Pericardial
cavity, peritoneal cavity, synovial cavities etc Osmotic
Equilibrium between ECF and ICF -Total
Body water -Body
fluid compartments -Measurements
of Body fluid volumes -Constituents
of ECF and ICF Osmotic
equilibrium and fluid shifts Volume
and Osmolality changes in ECF and ICF Physiological
Solutions-Clinical Uses/Replacement MPY
223: EXCITABLE TISSUES (1
CREDIT)
Course
objective: Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content Excitable
membranes and Neuromuscular events Genesis
and conduction of action potentials -
Nerves -
Muscles Synapses
and transmitters Synaptic
excitation and inhibition Reflexology Sensory
Receptors MPY
224: CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS (2 CREDIT) Course
objective: Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content The
heart as a pump; -Physiology
of cardiac muscles -The
cardiac cycle Regulation
of cardiac function Rhythmic
Excitation of the heart; -The
special excitability and conductive system of the heart -Control
of Excitation and conduction system of the heart Abnormal
rhythms of the heart. The
Normal Electrocardiogram; -Characteristics
of the normal ECG -Methods
of recording ECG -Flow
of current around the Heart Electrocardiogram
Leads Electrocardiographic
Interpretation in cardiac myopathies -Principles
of vectorial analyses of ECG -Vectorial
analysis in the normal ECG The
mean electrical axis of the ventricle -Conditions
that cause Abnormal voltage of the QRS complex -Current
of injury Electrocardiographic
interpretation of cardiac arrhythmias -Abnormal
sinus rhythms -Abnormal
rhythms originating from impaired impulse transmission -Premature
beats -Abnormal
rhythms due to circus movements Physical
principles of Blood; -The
circulatory system as a ”circuit” -The
physical characteristics of Blood -Interrelationships
between pressure, flow and Resistance -Vascular
Distensibility (Pressure – Volume curves) -Circulatory
filling pressure/pressure volume changes of the entire circulatory system -Stress
Relaxation of vessels The
Systemic Circulation
-Physical characteristics of the systemic
circulation
-Pressure pulse in the arteries
-The arterioles and capillaries
-Vein and their functions Local
control of Blood Flow (Nerves and Humoral Regulation)
-Local control at tissue level
-Long-term local blood flow regulation
-Nerves regulation of the circulation
-Humoral regulation of the circulation Regulation
of Mean Arterial Pressure
-Normal Arterial pressure
-Relationship of arterial pressure to cardiac
output and TPR
-General Arterial Pressure Regulation
-Nervous mechanisms for rapid arterial
pressure control
-Hormonal mechanisms for rapid arterial
pressure control
-Intermediate mechanisms for arterial
pressure regulation
-Short-term to Long-term mechanisms of
pressure control
-Renal mechanisms for arterial pressure
control
-Hypertension (types, causes, mechanisms) Cardiac
output and venous return.
-Regulation of cardiac output
-Cardiac Output in abnormal conditions
-Methods of measuring cardiac output The
Pulmonary Circulation
-Physiologic anatomy of the pulmonary
circulatory system
-Pressures in the Pulmonary System
-Blood Flow through the lung
-Capillary Dynamics in the lungs The
Coronary Circulation
-Normal coronary Blood flow
-Control of coronary Blood flow
-Pathophysiology of Ischaemic Heart Disease Cardiac
Failure
-Dynamics of circulation in Cardiac Failure
-High output cardiac failure
-Cardiogenic shock
-Mechanism of Oedema in cardiac failure
-Physiological classification of cardiac
failure Heart
Sounds
-Normal Heart Sounds
-Principles of auscultation
-Phonocardiogram
-Abnormalities of Heart Sounds Circulatory
Shock (Physiology and Management)
-Physiological causes of shock
-Haemorrhagic shock
-Neurogenic shock
-Anaphylactic shock
-Septic shock
-Traumatic shock
-Effects of shock
-Physiology of circulatory arrest Muscle
Blood flow/ other specific sites
-Regulation of Blood flow through skeletal
muscle
-Cerebral circulation
-Splanchnic circulation
-Circulation in the skin
-Physiology of vascular diseases of the limbs
Pulmonary
ventilation -Mechanism
of Respiration -Pulmonary
volumes and capacities The
minute respiratory volume-RR,TV --Alveolar
ventilation -Functions
of Respiratory System -Artificial
Respiration Physical
principles of Gaseous Exchange -The
Physics of Gases -Composition
of Alveolar Air -Diffusion
of Gases through Respiratory membrane Transport
of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
in the Blood and Body fluids --Pressure
Differences of Oxygen and CO2 from the lungs to the tissues -Transport
of oxygen in the blood -Transport
of CO2 in the blood -The
Respiratory Exchange Ratios Regulation
of Respiration -The
respiratory centre -Humoral
Regulation of Respiration -
Basic mechanism of Humoral stimulation of the
Respiratory centre -
The chemoreceptor system for control of respiration -
Regulation of Respiration during Exercise -
Abnormalities of Respiratory control Respiratory
Insufficiency -Methods
for studying-Respiratory disorders -Physiologic
types of Respiratory insufficiency -Physiologic
peculiarities of specific pulmonary disorders -Hypoxia
Hypercapnia -Oxygen
therapy -Entrapped
Air/its absorption MPY
225: EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY
(1 CREDIT) Second
semester MPY
226: THE GASTROINTESTINAL
TRACT (1 CREDIT) Course
objective: At
the end of the course the student should be able to list and describe
gastrointestinal functions. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) Content G.I
Mobility; -General
principles of Intestinal mobility -Functional
Types of movements in the GIT -Ingestion
of food (Mastication,Deglutition) -Motor
functions of the stomach -Movement
of the colon -Defecation -Autonomic
influences on bowels Activity Secretory
functions of the GIT; General
principles of G.I secretion -secretion
of saliva -Oesophageal
secretion -Gastric
secretion(characteristics and Regulation)
-pancreatic
secretion -Biliary
secretion -Secretion
of small intestine -Secretions
of the large intestine Digestion
and Absorption in the GIT -Digestion
of the various foods -Basic
principles of G.I Absorption -Absorption
in the small intestine -Absorption
in the large intestine Physiology
of Gastrointestinal Disorders; -Disorders
of swallowing -
Disorders of the stomach -
Disorders of the small intestine -
Disorders of the large intestine -
General disorders of the GIT MPY
227: RENAL SYSTEM (1 CREDIT) Course
objective: At
the end of the course the student should be able to list and describe the
physiology of the renal system. Teaching
& Learning Methods: Lectures,
tutorials Problem
based learning. Evaluation MCQ
(True-False items, Essay, Practical) |